Summer temperatures in Europe and land heat fluxes in observation-based data and regional climate model simulations     

Annemiek I. Stegehuis  Robert Vautard  Philippe Ciais  Adriaan J. Teuling  Martin Jung  Pascal Yiou 《Climate Dynamics》2013,41(2):455-477

The occurrence and intensity of heatwaves is expected to increase with climate change. Early warnings of hot summers have therefore a great socio-economical value. Previous studies have shown that hot summers are preceded by a Southern European rainfall deficit during winter, and higher spring temperatures. Changes in the surface energy budget are believed to drive this evolution, in particular changes in the latent and sensible heat fluxes. However these have rarely been investigated due to the lack of long-term reliable observation data. In this study, we analyzed several data-derived gridded products of latent and sensible heat fluxes, based on flux tower observations, together with re-analyses and regional climate model simulations over Europe. We find that warm summers are preceded by an increase in latent heat flux in early spring. During warm summers, an increase in available energy results in an excess of both latent and sensible heat fluxes over most of Europe, but a latent heat flux decrease over the Iberian Peninsula. This indicates that, on average, a summertime soil-moisture limited evapotranspiration regime only prevails in the Iberian Peninsula. In general, the models that we analyzed overestimate latent heat and underestimate sensible heat as compared to the flux tower derived data-product. Most models show considerable drying during warm seasons, leading to the establishment of a soil-moisture limited regime across Europe in summer. This over-estimation by the current generation of models of latent heat and hence of soil moisture deficit over Europe in summer has potential consequences for future summertime climate projections and the projected frequency of heat waves. We also show that a northward propagation of drought during warm summers is found in model results, a phenomenon which is also seen in the flux tower data-product. Our results lead to a better understanding of the role of latent and sensible heat flux in summer heatwaves, and provide a framework for benchmark of modeling studies.  相似文献   

Inverse relationship between the equatorial eastern Pacific annual-cycle and ENSO amplitudes in a coupled general circulation model     

Soon-Il An  Jung Choi 《Climate Dynamics》2013,40(3-4):663-675

We propose a dynamical interpretation of the inverse relationship between the tropical eastern Pacific annual-cycle (AC) amplitude and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) amplitude, based on a pre-industrial simulation of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Couple climate model 2.0 with a fixed concentration of greenhouse gases spanning approximately 500 years. The slowly varying background conditions over more than a decade alternately provided favorable conditions for two opposite regimes, namely the ‘strong AC—weak ENSO regime’ and the ‘weak AC—strong ENSO regime’. For the weak AC—strong ENSO regime, the tropical eastern Pacific shows meridional-asymmetric surface warming with an emphasis on the southern part, leading to weakening of both the zonal trade wind and the cross equatorial southerly wind, as well as deepening of both the thermocline and mixed layer. The deeper mixed layer, weaker southerly wind, and reduced zonal gradient of the mean sea surface temperature due to tropical eastern Pacific warming all acts to reduce the AC. Conversely, the ENSO was intensified by the deeper mixed layer and deeper thermocline depth (thermocline feedback), but suppressed by the deeper thermocline depth (Ekman feedback) and the reduced zonal temperature gradient. We also computed the coupling strengths of the ENSO and AC, defined as the linear regression coefficients of the zonal and meridional wind stresses against the eastern Pacific SST, respectively. The coupling strengths of both the AC and ENSO are larger when they are intensified, and vice versa. All processes for the weak AC—strong ENSO regime operate in the opposite manner for the strong AC—weak ENSO regime.  相似文献   

Formation and evolution of mesoscale convective systems that brought the heavy rainfall over Seoul on September 21, 2010     

Woomi Jung  Tae-Young Lee 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2013,49(5):635-647

An investigation has been carried out using observational data and a numerical model to explain the formation and development of heavy precipitation systems on September 21, 2010. These systems were responsible for heavy rainfall over the middle Korean peninsula, with a maximum 24-h rainfall amount greater than 290 mm in the Seoul metropolitan area. Both observational analysis and a numerical simulation indicate that an important starting condition for this heavy rainfall event is the presence of a pressure trough over the Shandong peninsula and the Yellow Sea. Convective cells formed in the early morning over this trough area, grew into larger systems as they moved eastward, and induced the formation of a meso low over the Yellow Sea around 0000 UTC on September 21, 2010. A stationary front with significant vertical circulation developed in response to the deformation of flow associated with the meso low. In the meantime, multicell-type convective systems continuously developed and moved along the front. These storms developed further and produced heavy rainfall over the middle Korean peninsula, which includes the Seoul metropolitan area. According to observations, the band structure appeared to change after 0700 UTC as a narrow convection band developed over the sea, upstream of the existing band of multicell storms. Numerical simulation showed a similar transition. However, it failed to reproduce the stationary behavior of the observed band.  相似文献   

Global spectral energy distributions of the Large Magellanic Cloud with interstellar dust     

Sungeun Kim  Eunjoo Kwon  Kyoung-Sook Jeong  Kihun Kim  Chiyoung Cho  Eun Jung Chung 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2014,349(1):423-435

The effects of dust on infrared emission vary among galaxies of different morphological types. We investigated integrated spectral energy distributions (SEDs) in infrared and submillimeter/millimeter emissions from the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) based on observations from the Herschel Space Observatory (HSO) and near- to mid-infrared observations from the Spitzer Space Telescope (SST). We also used IRAS and WMAP observations to constrain the SEDs and present the results of radiative transfer calculations using the spectrophotometric galaxy model. We explain the observations by using dust models with different grain size distributions in the interstellar medium of the LMC, noting that the LMC has undergone processes that differ from those in the Milky Way. We determined a spectral index and a normalization factor in the range of ?3.5 to ?3.45 with grain radii in the range of 1 nm–300 nm for the silicate grain and 2 nm–1 μm for the graphite grain. The best fit to the observed SED was obtained with a spectral index of ?3.47, similar to the value derived by Piovan et al. (Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 366(3):923, 2006a). The grain size distribution is described using a power law but with a break that is introduced below a _b , where a larger exponent is used. Changing the graphite grain size distribution significantly changed the SED pattern within the observational uncertainties. Based on the SED fits to the observations from submillimeter wavelengths to infrared radiation from the LMC using GRASIL (Silva et al., Astrophys. J. 509(1):103, 1998), we obtained a reasonable set of parameter values in chemical and geometric space together with the grain size distributions (Weingartner and Draine, Astrophys. J. 548(1):296, 2001) and a modified MRN model with the LMC extinction curve (Piovan et al., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 366(3):923, 2006a). For a given set of parameters including the disc scale height, synthesis of the starlight spectrum, optical depth, escape time scale, dust model, and star formation efficiency, the adopted dust-to-gas ratio for modeling the observed SEDs, ～1/300 (from the literature) yields a reasonable fit to the observed SEDs and similar results with the metallicity of the LMC as those reported in Russell and Bessell (Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 70:865, 1989). The dust-to-gas ratios that are given as the metallicity caused the variation in the model fits. The difference mainly appears at the wavelengths near 100 μm.  相似文献   

Petrology and geotectonic significance of salic rocks preceding ophiolites in the Eastern Vardar Zone,Greece     

K. Mussallam  D. Jung 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,35(4):217-242

Summary In the eastern Vardar Zone of Greece, Na-dominant salic rocks are intimately associated with ophiolites, constituting a NW-trending, about 8 km thick belt along the western margin of the Serbomacedonian Massif. Though of different ages and metamorphic histories, both contrasted lithologic units display similar lateral variations. The salic rocks vary from a hypabyssal tonalite-trondhjemite series in the NW into granophyres and submarine volcanics in the SE. The juxtaposed ophiolites change in the same direction from tectonite peridotites overlain or intruded by mafic-ultramafic cumulates into sheeted dykes and submarine volcanics. The salic rocks were formed by multi-staged fractional melting of a mafic source and correspond chemically to the low-K andensite rhyolite series. The geological and chemical evidence points at an immature island-are setting for the salic rocks above a NE-dipping subduction zone. The lateral variations in their mode of occurrences probably reflect progressive attenuation of the continental crust. The corresponding variations displayed by the juxtaposed ophiolites may have resulted from a change in the plate motion from conservative in the NW to constructive in the SE.

---

Petrologie und geotektonische Bedeutung der den Ophiolithen vorausgegangenen salischen Gesteine in der östlichen Vardar-Zone, Griechenland

Zusammenfassung In der östlichen Vardar-Zone von Griechenland bilden Na-betonte salische Gesteine und Ophiolithe einen NW-streichenden, ca. 8 km mächtigen Gürtel entlang des westlichen Randes des Serbomazedonischen Massivs. Trotz verschiedenen Alters und unterschiedlicher metamorpher Beanspruchung zeigen die beiden lithologischen Einheiten gleiche laterale Variationen. Die salischen Gesteine wechsein von Tonaliten und Trondhjemiten im NW zu Granophyren und submarinen Vulkaniten im SE. Die tektonisch angrezenden, etwas jügeren Ophiolithe variieren in der gleichen Richtung von Tektonit-Peridotiten und den überlagrenden oder intrudierenden mafisch-ultramafischen Kumulaten zu einem Gangstockwerk und submarinen, vorwiegend basischen Vulkaniten. Die salischen Gesteine sind durch ein mehrphasiges fraktioniertes Aufschmelzen mafischen Materials entstanden und entsprechen chemisch der K-armen Reihe von basischem Andesit bis Rhyolith. Als Bildungsort weisen die geologischen und chemischen Kriterien auf einen inmaturen Inselbogen oberhalb einer nach NE gerichteten Subduktionszone während des Mittleren Juras hin. Veränderungen in den Ausbildungsformen der salischen Gesteine gehen offensichtlich auf ein progressives Verdünnen der kontinentalen Kruste zurück. Entsprechende Veränderungen in den gegenübergestellten Ophiolithen lassen sich durch Veränderungen in der Plattenbewegung von konservativ im NW zu konstruktiv im SE erklären.

---

---

With 12 Figures  相似文献   

Validation of a multidecadal RCM hindcast over East Asia     

Jinwon Kim  Hyun-Sook Jung  C.R. Mechoso  Hyun-Suk Kang   《Global and Planetary Change》2008,61(3-4):225-241

The precipitation and low-level air temperature in East Asia from a regional climate model (RCM) hindcast for the 22-year period 1979–2000 is evaluated against observational data in preparation for the model use in regional climate change research. Emphasis of the evaluation is placed on the RCM capability in capturing the temporal and spatial variability of precipitation and low-level temperature, especially in conjunction with important climatological events such as, ENSO and East Asian monsoon, at three spatial scales of continental, subcontinental, and river basins.Spatial anomaly correlation time series of geopotential height and temperature show that the simulated upper-air fields remain consistent with the driving large-scale fields, NCEP Reanalysis 2 (R2), throughout the period. The simulated seasonal shifts in 850 hPa winds also agree well with R2 over eastern China and the western Pacific Ocean although the magnitudes of the shifts are overestimated, especially over the eastern slope of the Tibetan Plateau and in northern Manchuria. The simulated precipitation climatology agrees reasonably with that from two analysis datasets based on station- and remote-sensing data. Outstanding characteristics of precipitation including the location of the main rainband, climatological means, and the spatiotemporal variability in association with East Asian Monsoon, ENSO, and extreme events, are well represented in the hindcast. The most notable bias in the simulated precipitation is an overestimation of winter rainfall in southwestern coast of China, near the border with Vietnam. The simulation overestimates the interannual variability of seasonal precipitation especially in southern China, however, the corresponding coefficients of variation agree reasonably with observations except in very dry regions. This suggests that climate sensitivity of scaled precipitation can be useful for projecting climate change signals. The simulated low-level temperature climatology agrees reasonably with observational data as well. The most noticeable biases in the simulated low-level temperature are the warm (cold) biases in southern Siberia (northeastern China) during winter (summer) and the systematic underestimation of low-level temperature in the Tibetan Plateau for all seasons. The daily maximum temperature is underestimated for all seasons by 2−3 K with the largest biases in spring and fall except in the northwestern Mongolia region where it has been overestimated during winter. The daily minimum temperature biases ranges from 0.3 K in spring to 2 K in winter, and are much smaller than those in daily maximum temperature. The evaluation of the multidecadal hindcast shows that model errors mostly confined in the region near the lateral boundaries of the model domain with only minor biases in eastern China. This allows us to be cautiously optimistic about the RCM usefulness for studies of precipitation and low-level temperature changes in East Asia induced by increased emissions of greenhouse gases.  相似文献   

The Gas-to-Dust Relation in the Dark Cloud L1523 - Observational Evidence for CO Gas Depletion     

H. G. Kim B. G. Kim J. H. Jung 《中国天文和天体物理学报》2008,8(6)

Correlation between gas and dust column density has been studied for the dark globule L1523. The 13CO(J= 1→0) emission is used for tracing the gas, and the IR emissions, for tracing the dust constituent. In order to match the beam resolution between the images, a beam de-convolution algorithm based on the Maximum Correlation Method (MCM) was applied on the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) data. The morphology of 13CO column density map shows a close correlation to that of 100μm dust optical depth. The distribution of the optical depth at 100 μm follows that of gas column density more closely than does the flux map at either 60 or 100μm. The ratio of the 13CO column density to the 100μm optical depth shows a decreasing trend with increasing dust optical depth in the central part, indicating possible molecular gas condensation onto dust particles. The excessive decrease in the CO column density in the envelope may most probably be due to the photo-dissociation of CO molecules.  相似文献   

Applying conservation easement policy to river spaces to mitigate natural hazards in South Korea     

Ha  Gyoungjun  Jung  Juchul 《Natural Hazards》2019,95(3):805-822

Natural Hazards - The purpose of the study was to evaluate the feasibility and efficiency of conservation easements as an alternative to existing policy for mitigating natural hazards by surveying...  相似文献   

Comparison of ionospheric equivalent slab thickness with bottomside digisonde profile over Wuhan     

Yu Jung Chuo  Chien Chih Lee  Wei Sheng Chen 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2010,72(5-6):528-533

A comparison of the diurnal and seasonal variations in the ionospheric equivalent slab thickness (τ) and bottomside slab thickness (B0) is presented based on the observation during high solar activities at a mid-latitude station—Wuhan (114.4°E, 30.6°N). The investigated data include foF2, hmF2, B0, B1, and TEC, and are derived from the measured ionogram and GPS receiver over Wuhan from April 1999 to March 2000. The results show that τ and B0 are highly/weakly correlated during the day/night, respectively. Furthermore, a comprehensive discussion of the relation between τ, B0, and hmF2 for geomagnetic storm events is provided in this paper.  相似文献   

Determining hypocentral parameters for local earthquakes under ill conditions using genetic algorithm     

Woohan Kim  In-Kyeong Hahm  Won-Young Kim  Jung Mo Lee 《Journal of Seismology》2010,14(4):739-750

We demonstrate that GA-MHYPO determines accurate hypocentral parameters for local earthquakes under ill conditions, such as limited number of stations (phase data), large azimuthal gap, and noisy data. The genetic algorithm (GA) in GA-MHYPO searches for the optimal 1-D velocity structure which provides the minimum traveltime differences between observed (true) and calculated P and S arrivals within prescribed ranges. GA-MHYPO is able to determine hypocentral parameters more accurately in many circumstances than conventional methods which rely on an a priori (and possibly incorrect) 1-D velocity model. In our synthetic tests, the accuracy of hypocentral parameters obtained by GA-MHYPO given ill conditions is improved by more than a factor of 20 for error-free data, and by a factor of five for data with errors, compared to that obtained by conventional methods such as HYPOINVERSE. In the case of error-free data, GA-MHYPO yields less than 0.1 km errors in focal depths and hypocenters without strong dependence on azimuthal coverage up to 45°. Errors are less than 1 km for data with errors of a 0.1-s standard deviation. To test the performance using real data, a well-recorded earthquake in the New Madrid seismic zone and earthquakes recorded under ill conditions in the High Himalaya are relocated by GA-MHYPO. The hypocentral parameters determined by GA-MHYPO under both good and ill conditions show similar computational results, which suggest that GA-MHYPO is robust and yields more reliable hypocentral parameters than standard methods under ill conditions for natural earthquakes.  相似文献